Crusaders vs. Invaders

In c. 800, Pope Leo III assigned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Roman people. This collaboration and mutual understanding between Charlemagne and the church paved the way for the numerous future successes in the conquest wars. The initial steps taken by Charlemagne as Emperor do not imply a lust for power or riches at any stage. What they did imply was his aspiration to educate the people and build an unbiased government system that solely functions towards the well-being of the whole empire.Moreover, the major cause behind the conquest wars led by Charlemagne against the German tribes was to announce the revival of the Roman Empire as far as central Europe, and provide an easy access for the church into the pagan tribes (Einhard 61). According to Einhard, in his book two lives of Charlemagne, the Saxons were an extremely disrespectful people. He states: â€Å"They are much given to devil worship and they are hostile to our religion. They think it no dishonor to violate and transgres s the laws of God and man. † (61).Although the Franks lived peacefully just across the river to the Saxons, consistent crimes like murder and theft eventually gave way to a ferocious war between the two parties. The sole purpose of this war was to convert the Saxons to Christianity and unite them with the Franks (Einhard 61-62). Although the Franks may have initiated the war, it is absolutely transparent that they had no intention of settling matters other than peacefully. This can be deduced from the fact that while crimes were being committed continuously, the Franks bided for a long time until they could endure it no more.It was not only the Saxon war, but the origins of the other conquest wars were also not quite different. For example, the war in Bavaria against Duke Tassilo occurred under similar circumstances. The duke made allies with the Huns disregarding all Charlemagne’s orders (Einhard 65). Einhard states in his book: â€Å"Not only did Tassilo refuse to ca rry out Charlemagne’s orders, but he did his utmost to provoke the king to war. † (66). Wars against the Slaves and Huns also lied along the same lines. Absolute disagreement and disregard of the king lead to unnecessary bloodshed with the same result.Although the actions of Charlemagne may appear to be quite reasonable, the wars fought by the Vikings in Europe are an entirely different story. Their advancements into Europe occurred in various forms; however, they always had a violent and ferocious touch to them. In addition, the Vikings were staunch followers of paganism at the time, making them a more unpopular figure in recorded history. Details of the siege of Paris clearly indicate that the Vikings were solely responsible for their war against Odo, defender of Paris.According to Frederic Austin in his book A Sourcebook of Mediaeval History, Siegfred, the Vikings leader, said to the bishop of Paris: â€Å"†¦if you do not listen to my demands, on the morrow our war machines will destroy you with poisoned arrows. You will be the prey of famine and of pestilence and these evils will perpetually renew every year. † Basically, the Vikings threatened the leaders of Paris that if they do not handover the city, they would wage war against Paris with all their force, resting only after its total destruction. In the same book, Frederic Austin narrates the story of Rollo’s conversion to Christianity too.Although initially he refused to pay respect to King Charles, his conversion had a profound effect on his leadership. â€Å"The duke established for his subjects certain inviolable rights and laws, confirmed and published by the will of the leading men, and he compelled all his people to live peacefully together. † (Austin 165-173). Literally speaking, a crusade refers to a collaborative attempt by a group of people that is aimed to achieve a credible cause, while an invasion implies to the disturbance of an event by an uninvited subject.After examining every war fought by Charlemagne during his conquests, it can be safely deduced that he never fought with the wrong intentions, but always aimed to spread the word of Christianity and enforce peace throughout the lands. Moreover, the wars though mostly initiated by Charlemagne, were always provoked by the opposite party. The Vikings on the other hand, were solely responsible for the provocation as well as initiation of wars. At the time of their infiltration into Europe, they mostly used violent methods to take over the city governments against the will of the people.Although Lief Erikson may have built whole towns in the Americas for permanent settlements, the program eventually failed and the spirit of that deed faded away with time, while the actions behind the more influential settlements of the Vikings in Europe were remembered. Works Cited Austin Ogg, Frederic. A Sourcebook of Mediaeval History. New York: American Book Company, 1907. 165-173. Einhard. T wo Lives of Charlemagne. Trans. Lewis Thorpe. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1969. 61-68.

Training Professionals Have a Leading Role in Innovation and Change.

Management is a fundamental and broad area of business reality today. Effective management practices can lead to organizational success. For organizations to best achieve this success, they need to be receptive to innovation and change. With these as objectives in mind, it becomes apparent that training professionals can play a leading role. Change (in a business context) can basically mean the management to ‘plan, initiate, realize, control, and stabilize’ change on both, corporate and personal level (Recklies 2011), while innovation is defined by Sylver (2011) as a mean the introduction of something new that makes something better than it was before. Training professionals are those people who help companies use the most out of their workforce, whether they need to receive training or not (Armson 2008). The purpose of this essay is to successfully explain the leading role that training professionals have in innovation and change. Nowadays, the role of a training professional is to successfully come up with a program that will improve the performance of a certain work group with the best practices to lead towards innovation and change (Miller 2010). Having the right skills to professionally develop someone is essential of the training professionals. As mentioned by Training and Development (2008), professional development is essentially an organized ‘maintenance, improvement and broadening of knowledge and skills’ as well as the personal development of one’s qualities to the level that is necessary to maintain relevance and effectiveness. Generally, it is fundamental that training professionals help the organization’s workers learn all that they need in order to know how to get their job done (Poell, Van Der Krogt, Vermulst, Harris & Simons, 2011). Having the right approach is a fundamental step for training professionals to successfully deliver their training and development programs. Firms, nowadays, make considerable effort to efficiently succeed on training their employees. For instance, one of the first steps of training that Mc Donalds US company brings to its new employees is to attend a class called ‘Hamburger U’ – which is now known as ‘ â€Å"Bachelor of Hamburgerology† ’ – so that they can fully understand the firm’s culture and produce a more efficient work (Nation’s Restaurant News 2005). It is also important that training professionals approach carefully to their superiors, as they might need some training or guidance as well. Furthermore, an interesting approach that can be used to train people is to simply not train people. By that, it means that having a training program might not always necessarily be needed measure for performance improvement or change. There are a lot more factors than just the lack of skill that can influence a worker. Asking questions, as Nick Miller (2010) said, about ‘motivation, purpose, end goal, leading indicators, and performance obstacles’ are a really important step to fully know if training is actually needed or not. This is also missed most time due to the lack of relationship between the superiors and the general workers. It is essential that organizations develop innovation into their training and development programs. ANZ Bank focuses its training in four main points: ‘Learning for leadership and talent’ where they help leaders develop their leadership skills; ‘Core banking skills’ where the bank aims to train its employees to develop the necessary technical skills to be able to satisfy their customers; ‘Organizational culture and values’ where it aims to improve social interaction and a deeper knowledge of cultures and finally ‘Learning infrastructure’ where the focus is on ensuring that everyone gets the training that they need (ANZ 2011). The company itself focuses their four points all so that they can bring out the best of its employees towards its customers. Crown is another huge company who has its own training program that is also aimed at their employees. In fact, they have their own college called ‘Crown College’ (HC Online 2011) where employees undergo training to improve themselves. Crown College has a partnership with Swinburne University for its extensive efficient management training programs. As Crown’s human resources executive general manager Peter Coyne (HC Online 2011) mentioned: ‘ â€Å"Employees might start down the Certificate pathway and then step into a Diploma of Business, which can be converted into a degree at Swinburne at some point in the future† ’, this shows that crown focuses its main training facility for a younger age group and that the firm, as mentioned by Peter Coyne (HC Online 2011), trains younger people who got work in crown that had ‘limited success in secondary school’ (HC Online 2011) to change their mindsets from having a job in this epartment of hospitality to turn it into a life time career. ANZ and Crown are two companies that belong to different industries. ANZ is a bank and gets its income mainly from their clients that keep their money there, whereas Crown is a Hotel/Casino where it earns its income from a broad area of hospitality and from gambling itself. Similarly, both firms bring out the most of its employees for one goal: customer satisfaction. Both firms might belong to different industries, but both need customers in order to survive. ANZ needs their money in the bank and Crown needs them for the casino and hotel as well. They both provide services to their customers and the degree of how satisfied the customers are is a really important point for both firms. On the other hand, ANZ focuses its training on people with a good base education that also have high years of experience in the field (ANZ 2011) and Crown aims its training towards the younger age group who doesn’t have much experience as well as studies. In conclusion, various sources believe that the role of Training Professionals is essential for business success, because these people can provide a competitive advantage. Approaches taken by Training Professionals tend to vary, but their common objective is to lead an organization into the level where the business becomes more efficient so that it meets the leaders goals and expectations. In my opinion, training professionals might be under rated. Not much people would even think of it as an option for their careers, but this role is so important for an organization because of its unlimited potential of improving any whatsoever department of the company. References Miller, N 2010, ‘Leading workplace innovation and change: brave new role’, T+D, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 54-58 Poell, R F, Van der Krogt, F J, Vermulst, A A, Harns, R, Simons, M 2006, ‘Roles of informal workplace trainers in different organisational contexts: empirical evidence from Australian companies’, Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol 17, no. 2, pp. 175-198. Retrieved 14 August 2011 HC Online 2011, ‘Taking the crown: HR at crown casino’ retrieved 18 September 2011, ANZ 2011, ‘Learning and Development’ retrieved 17 September 2011, Sylver, B 2011, ‘What does â€Å"Innovation† really mean? ’, retrieved 17 September 2011, Recklies, O 2011, ‘Managing Change – Definition and Phases in Change Processes’ retrieved 16 September 2011, Armson, G. 2008, ‘How innovative is your culture? : Coaching for creativity in the workplace’, Training & Development, p. 20-23, retrieved on the 1 4 September 2011, Business Source Complete, AN: 41563804 Training & Development 2008, ‘The L&D professional Up-Skilling, developing and evolving’, p. 23-24, retrieved 15 September 2011 , Business Source Complete, AN: 43387257 Nation’s Restaurant News 2005, ‘Hamburger University: Ensuring the future’, p. 104-107, retrieved 16 September 2011, Business Source Complete, AN: 16764918

Fun Time

http://www. ehow. com/facts_5788552_benefits-open-campus-lunch_. html Budget * If students are allowed to leave campus and their parents' homes are nearby, students can save money on lunch and eat from home. Social Contact * Students may spend time with others who they may not see if the lunch was confined to on campus. Students can go out and eat with friends. Outside * If it's a great day outside, students can eat outdoors and enjoy the sun for a half-hour or so. This could lead to a fresh burst of energy and creativity.Independence * Open campus lunch allows the students to leave the premise of the school. This grants the student freedom to eat where he wants. Physical Activity * When students are allowed to leave campus, they can get out and stretch their legs a little more than if they were confined to a lunch room. http://www. masters. edu/undergrad/student-perspective/offcampuseats. aspx Line too long in the cafeteria and not a lot of change in your wallet? In need of a good q uick fix?There are several places in Santa Clarita that can satisfy your food cravings at an affordable price of $10 and under. Egg Plantation, Urbane Cafe, Chronic Tacos, La Cocina, Qdoba Mexican Grill, Corner Bakery, El Taco Llama, Saugus Cafe and Panera Bread are just a few of the delicious options to choose from. It all just depends on what type of food you are in the mood for. Don‘t know where they are located? Simply go to Yelp, Map Quest, or Google Maps and enter the destination. Here are a few off-campus favorites to whet your appetite: Breakfast ?Breakfast is offered at Egg Plantation, Corner Bakery, and Panera Bread. All have price ranges between $6-$10. These bakery cafes also offer a comfortable, friendly, fashionable place to study or hang out with friends. Egg Plantation in Newhall is home of 101 delicious omelets. Panera Bread and Corner Bakery not only offer breakfast, lunch, and dinner but free wire-less Internet as well. Way Station Coffee Shop and Eggs N Thi ngs are some mom and pop cafes that offer a wide variety of delectable breakfasts. Lunch/Dinner ? In the mood for Mexican food?Chronic Tacos (breakfast available), El Taco Llama, Qdoba Mexican Grill, and La Cocina Restaurant have good tasting lunch and dinner dishes that range anywhere from $5-10. The great thing about Qdoba is if you bring in a student ID then you are qualified for a free drink with your meal. Talk about a deal. Urbane Cafe is an excellent lunch or dinner stop that offer‘s some of the best sandwiches in Santa Clarita. Not only do you get a sandwich but a salad as well, both for $7. Just take a pick from their wide selection of sandwiches, soups, and salads. 4-Hour-Breakfast/Lunch/Dinner? If it is late and you are getting the munchies The Saugus Cafe is open 24 hours (Wednesday to Friday) with breakfast, lunch, and dinner all located within minutes from campus. Good service, friendly staff, a nice atmosphere, and affordable prices. That‘s what they all h ave in common. Just grab a friend and enjoy your meal. http://www. thetitanchronicle. com/editorials/2011/03/31/off-campus-lunches/ What if upperclassmen could have lunch off campus? That would be great news to 11th and 12th graders.It would mean upper-classmen would no longer be cooped up in school all-day; after all, this isn’t elementary school. We are young adults capable of handling the responsibility of leaving school. Set the bar high administrators, and if students decide not to come back, then consequences should be handed out. For example, if a student doesn’t come back to school, they would face suspension. Consider the age difference between the lower-class and the upper-class. Since the 11th graders and 12th graders have reached a certain level of maturity, they can handle eating lunch off campus.Upperclassmen are basically young adults and should continue to experience increased responsibilities so that they can become more productive members of our commu nity. Not everyone should enjoy off campus lunch; only students with good grades. Not only should upper-classmen have good grades, they should also have a good reputation with all administrators. Students allowed the privilege of eating off campus must be doing well in school. Just like in sports, if you have two failing grades you can’t play, well, if you have two failing grades, you can’t eat out off school grounds.School comes first for every student and needing to do well in order to eat off campus could influence some low achieving students to do better in class. There also should be record on who goes in and out of school, since keeping track of students who leave school grounds is a concern. The remedy is to have a sign in sheet. If students did not sign in and out, then suspension or other consequences would be doled out. The object is not to give students a chance to have extra free time or skip classes but to have them do something different and enjoy their s chool lunch at the same time.

Managerial Communication Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Communication Report - Term Paper Example The Social Media as a Management Tool in the Business Environment Managerial Communication Report To: From: Subject: Date: The social media are one of the technological advancements in a business environment. Although during its advent, many companies could not hide their criticism over the negative effect that the social media had on the business environment. The report will consider the evil and the ethical of the social media on any business environment. Social Medias such as Facebook, Twitter and various company intranets have been a valuable link among employees of a company. These Medias have also been the best marketing media that reach the various groups of consumers. Various companies agree that they help in the maintenance of communication among employees. The description of the nature of communication is an honest one; this allows employees to know more about one other. The aim for a good communication in any company is to create an interconnected, work place. A good worki ng environment for employees motivates them to be productive. ... an urgent announcement to its employees, the most appropriate means will be to post the notice in the company’s intranet, and the other way would be to post the notification in the company’s space, in any social network. The scope of doing this is that employees who visit the space will get the message, and because of the good relation that exists, among the employees, the notice gets to be passed to the other employees. This means of communication would be better than writing a memo to each department in the sense that the time used to deliver the memos is saved; the company also saves the misuse of its papers on printed notices. This means of communication can be facilitated using a computer or the advance mobile handset. This is easy for any management because the heads of departments could also get the chance to have a control of the company from any place. A clear example would be for a manager who wishes to know what his employees are up to at any given time can j ust log into the social network site, and keep track of the thoughts and action of his/her employees. D’ Angelo examines that the social media is one way that companies have employed to interact with their customer and stakeholders. Companies have also employed social media managers to manage the media existence. Various studies show it is not the leading companies alone that use the social media as a means of communication but rather in the year 2008 to 2009 there was an increase in the use of social media by the small businesses (D’ Angelo, 2010). D’ Angelo exerts that the use of the social media is crucial in the promotion of Brand identity, management, a company can employ a social site manager with its main activity being to create the company’s brand identity and market it online. D’

Pest analysis that influences the grocery market in the uk Essay

Pest analysis that influences the grocery market in the uk - Essay Example By use of PEST model, the analysis will expound on the following macro factors: political, economical, social and technological factors prevailing in the market. UK’s grocery market has been positively impacted by the government regulations. As a pertinent congruent of the UK’s economy, the government has instituted regulatory policy framework aimed at monitoring the sector. The regulatory framework provides the guidelines for a myriad key of keys issues including business registration, health and hygiene standards. Through the integration of EU provisions by the Food Standard Agency (FSA), UK’s grocery industry is subject to food hygiene standards, business set up, food safety and marketing guidelines. The government has further revised the competition law in accordance with the provisions of European Commission’s white paper dated 2014. Under article 101 of EU’s treaty on the functioning of the European Union, grocery enterprise are banned from engaging in agreements that could either lead to prevention or restriction of competition in the subject market (IGD, 2015). The Scottish independence referendum w as also a key factor in UK’s grocery market in 2014. With the prospective of a positive vote for the independence of Scotland, grocery stores were bound to experience increased overhead cost that would have eventually been passed to Scottish consumers. The positive outlook of the UK‘s grocery market has been underlined with the intensified competition in the industry. UK’s economy continues to recover from 2013 with the real GDP growth projections for 2015 and 2016 standing at 2.5 % and 2.3 % respectively (PWC, (2015). Consequently, UK’s economic growth has given rise to disposable income of UK consumers thereby leading to heightened consumer purchasing power. The leading grocery stores in the UK have further globalized their operations to fortify their financial resources through

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example Within a period of four years, Innocent became a food and drink company with fastest growth in the U.K resulting in growth in turnover from ?0 to ?10.6 million over the same period (Trott, 2008). In 2003 it obtained a market share of 30% in U.K and an intense distribution with 4,500 outlets across the U.K (DATAMONITOR, 2004). In 2004, its turnover stood at ? 15 million with an investment of just ?280,000 (DATAMONITOR, 2004). The company has introduced several new flavors of smoothies and drinks since its inception which is one of its critical success factors (DATAMONITOR, 2004) . The report shall now delve into developing an Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign for Innocent Drinks in an attempt to sustain its competitive edge and make it stand out from its rivals. The SOSTAC framework shall be used along with a feasibility analysis and shall conclude with recommendations of existing and new products. Context Analysis The SWOT and PEST model for Innocent Drinks is as follows: SWOT Analysis Strengths: Innocent Drinks has become one of the top smoothie brands in U.K in a period of just four years from its inception. Its turnover has increased from ?0 to ?10.6 million over the same period (Trott, 2008). The company has emerged as a market leader in U.K smoothies market by managing to capture a tremendous 30% share (Jones, 2008). The company has managed to obtain 50% brand awareness and press coverage significantly higher than that of its major rival, PJ (Appendix 1) ((DATAMONITOR, 2004). It enjoys excellent relationship with its distributors, the retailers, including U.K’s leading stores such as Sainsbury’s and Boots (Lincoln & Thomassen, 2007). It launched a first of its kind birthday party in 2003 which was attended by all its major retailers (Thomas, 2009). Weaknesses: The company suffered a temporary decline in its sales in 2008 due to recession. Its sales fell by 29% in the period 2007-2009 (MarketWatch:Drinks, 2008). However, the fact th at its major rivals racked up profits worth 25%-30% in the same period was a cause of concern (MarketWatch:Drinks, 2008). The recession revealed several flaws in the company’s strategies which include targeting the wrong customers (young professionals), faulty international strategy, no differentiating factor, no benefits-based ad campaign, targeting a niche product to the mass market, no innovation in packaging and failure to introduce new products in recent years (Mellentin, 2010). Another area of concern is the fact that while its rivals have managed to obtain a 60% mark-up on every bottle, Innocent manages to make only 3p-4p worth of profit on each bottle (Mellentin, 2010). Opportunities: The market for smoothies has been growing unlike the market for juices which has occasionally seen a downward trend. There is enormous potential in the ?70 million British smoothie market which has seen double-digit growth over the years (Mellentin, 2010). The rate of annual growth is es timated at 30% (Mellentin, 2010). The company has enormous potential ever since Coca Cola’s purchase of stake in the company (Mellentin, 2010). Furthermore, 75% of the European market still remains untapped by Innocent Drinks (Mellentin, 2010

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The objective behind doing this is to keep the organization flexible so that it can adapt to the changes if the future takes any different route than the expected one. Strategic human resource planning analyses the current human resource trends of the organization, future environment of human resource in which the company will be operating and the external labour market and then forecasts the future human resource management that the organization needs (Scholes and Johnson, 2001). The main factor that differentiates between the operational and strategic planning are that strategic planning deals with analysis of the external human resource issue of the organization and then goes for developing the future scenario. The strategic Human resource planning looks for finding the answer to the question like where the organization wants to be in future, under any given circumstances how the organization can reach its pre determined goal and lastly what set of skills are required to do this ( Hernandez and  O'Connor, 2009). Assessment of the current human resource capacity of the future is the first step in strategic human resource development based on the strategic plan of the organization. The skill, knowledge and ability of the present employees and staff of the organization must be identified properly. This identification can be done by developing the skill inventory of each of the employees working in the organization. The skills inventory should be such that it is much more than the skill required for a particular position. The skills demonstrated by the employees should be listed; for instance ‘special skills’ may include volunteer and recreational activities demonstrated by the employees that are relevant to the organization. Apart from these the certificates, educational level and any additional training should also be included in the skill inventory. Assessment of the employee’s performance can be reviewed to find whether the employee is r eady and enthusiastic to take additional responsibilities and the current developmental plans of the employee (Dhar, 2008). Apart from looking at the current human resource capacity of the organization it is also important to look at the forecasted needs in human resource that are based on the strategic goals of the organization. Estimation of both supply and demand is an important part of the realistic human resource forecasting. The questions that need to be answered while doing the forecasting are about the number of staff required in the organization, required skill sets in the employees and jobs that need to be full. While predicting the demand of human resource the challenges that might erupt while meeting the staffing needs based on the external environment must be assessed (Scholes and Johnson, 2001). Moreover in order to measure the external impact the factors that needs to be measured includes the current economic trends that may affect the work and the ability to attract new employees, the cultural and technological shifts that may affect the way the employees work and requirement of skilled labour, the changes that are occurring in the community or can change in future (London and Mone, 1988). Identifying the current human resource capacity of the organization and forecasting the future, helps to recognise the gap that may be existing in the organization. This gap analysis helps in determining the future objective and goals of the organization and where the organization is placed. This analysis includes

DB1 Kroger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB1 Kroger - Essay Example A case in point is the assertion that the firm has managed to mitigate competition fronted by the likes of Whole Foods. The above findings were shared by Plunkett (2011) who also noted that KR’s tendency to acquire firms, as was the recent case with the Harris Teeter, has solidified the company’s foundation. By engaging in merger or acquisition of other firms coupled with the never-ending commitment to innovation, KR’s success could be said to long lasting. Besides availing facts on the company, the writer has demonstrated impeccable research skills as evidenced by a couple of things. First is the accuracy clarity of the figures about the company. For instance, Smith (2013) who asserts that the company’s sales have remained ahead of other firms besides Walmart further confirms the reporting of KR’s sales increase. Secondly, the writer was able to provide KR’s share price, which is currently $70. The three areas the writer has provided more than just clarity is the financial and industry position, and the subsequent economic outlook. In addition, by concluding the company’s investment potential to be okay, the writer’s assertions are informed by the in-depth research as well as tremendous statistical projections. Evidently, this paper’s quality can only be termed superb since it has met all the requirements in terms of facts, arrangement and avoidance of plagiarism. For that reason, this work is hereby described as exemplary for the reasons

Teacher Attrition Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teacher Attrition - Dissertation Example The paper tells that this remains a widely acclaimed reality that maintaining a high level of teacher quality forms the critically important factor which ensures student achievement. With myriad types of demons endangering the teacher quality presently, students are consequently facing more and more problems to ensure individual academic accomplishments. The tendency of leaving schools and teaching profession by the learned and wiser teachers results in an inability to preserve an experienced teaching community and this produces many deteriorating influences on the students. What seems to come forward as a really deplorable reality is that many educational officials think that simply replacing those teachers lost to attrition by hiring new teachers could be an effective remedy. Presently, many authentic reports have denied such a fake proposition of undermining the critical nature of teacher attrition by easily hiring new teachers. Mississippi education administrators have taken a wi se decision to take the challenge of reducing the teacher attrition rates to a structural level. Still, a great deal needs to be addressed regarding the issue of teacher attrition and this research aspires to make a contribution to this ongoing effort with results based on certain questions. The fact that teachers constantly rotate with the experienced teachers leaving and new teachers entering the teaching process to leave it within a couple of years leaves the students with no proper education which seriously interferes with their academic dreams. This is exactly why teacher attrition is such a hotly debated issue and deemed to be such an emergency based situation in America for the past many years. This remains a research-based reality that high level of performance on the part of students is directly related with lower attrition rates. Teacher training plans based on longer time periods also greatly helps in provoking the teachers to continue teaching in schools and colleges wel l after the teaching training process ends. Research survey has also shown that stress plays a phenomenal role in promoting the teachers to quit teaching soon. Lack of confidence comes in handy with high level of stress and together they convince a teacher to ignore the students’ learning needs and consider them less important. This issue can be resolved significantly with the help of long teacher training processes which each teacher should be required to engage in prior to becoming a professional scholar. People come in the teaching profession with a sense of purpose very clear in their minds but due to lack of recognition, support, and salary issues, they get bound to leave much earlier than necessary thus increasing turnover rate among teachers. â€Å"Every year in the United States, schools conservatively spend $2.2 billion on the recruiting, hiring, and training of teachers to replace those who have left teaching† (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2005). Continu ous support is also found to have played a phenomenal role in reinforcing teachers’ self-esteems and their decisions to stay and continue teaching for the benefit of their students. This shows that teacher factors related to attrition come first and should not be ignored at any cost. Even a teacher being paid a top-notch salary can never be expected to continue teaching and unaffected all the time despite being discouraged and not motivated in a proper manner. In response to the first question, the factor of salary is found to be positively related with the teachers’ decision to remain in the profession and which also seems to be consistent with the past research done on the relation between salary and teachers’ decision to continue or quit teaching. â€Å"High teacher salaries result in increased commitment and

Common ground Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Common ground - Essay Example Prior to civil war, raw food materials were flooding the market because people prepared food like bread, cheese, vegetable etc. from the raw material, either bought from the local supermarket or home grown. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century saw the advent of processed food which immediately captured the interest of the consumer. Readymade food flooded the market and ‘two minute’ noodle became the craze. Similarly, the paint industry also went under transformation. Technology as well as the innovative approach to painting, became an instant hit with the consumers who loved the new technology. The emerging paint industries bought the smaller ones and grew rapidly, touching great heights in a comparatively short time. The changing consumer requirement became a vital market strategy in the coming years which saw the emergence of new industrial revolution that specialized in creating new market. The fast technological advancement became the hall mark of post civil war period. The corresponding change in the consumer behaviour was one of the most compelling factor in promoting fast industrialization which was highly original in ideas and became proficient in exploiting the market demand that was intentionally created. Hence the common ground of both the article is the changing consumer demand which moved from the traditional household industries to highly indigenous and technologically advanced industries in area of public interest and

Position Paper Essay Example for Free

Position Paper Essay I had chosen the topic for the response paper about the choice of Sarah Palin as the running mate for John McCain. In this position paper, I try to develop my position around the same topic and I would develop the paper around the choice and how it is affecting the presidential campaign. I use the response paper for the topic but only to that extent that I use it as a base. My main thrust in this paper would be on putting the nomination of Sarah Palin in perspective. Choice of Sarah Palin There was universal surprise when Sarah Palin was picked as the vice presidential nominee. When everyone was expecting Joe Lieberman or someone else to be picked as the vice presidential nominee, the McCain camp pulled a rabbit from the hat in the form of Sarah Palin. This left many observers stumped and people were left wondering about the real reasons. There was intense speculation that this was part of a move to counter the Democratic campaign and the appeal of Hillary Clinton. With Hillary no longer in the reckoning, the perception was that Sarah Palin could draw away some of Hillary’s supporters into the Republican fold. Others saw it as a kind of maverick stunt that could upstage the rock star appeal of Barack Obama. What no one could have anticipated is the electrifying effect that Sarah Palin had on the electorate immediately following her nomination. The entire campaign was energized by the â€Å"Palin Effect† and suddenly the Republicans were back in the reckoning. Her go-getter image along with her stylish attire has caught the imagination of the public. However, there is a sneaking suspicion that she is all glamour and not substance. She has the charm of a â€Å"Kennedy, Clinton or a Reagan† (Mayer, 2). She also can draw crowds and hold their attention. It was this very ability that made the McCain camp plump for her to get the star appeal to the voters. Media Management Sarah Palin looks good on TV and she is the favorite of the right wing media. Though her appearances in the public rallies have been highlighted, what is also glaring is the fact that she has not given too many interviews and has not appeared on the popular talk shows like Larry King Live. And whatever chances she had with other networks, she turned in a less than favorable performance. In recent days, much has been made of her $150,000 attire and the way in which she has been â€Å"made up† with lot of effort. However much this has been played up for the benefit of the voters, there are some who see this as mere gloss and unlikely to have an effect on the larger electorate. The Insider’s Choice? While there have been several articles in the media about how Sarah Palin has been a wild card, Jane Mayer of The New Yorker thinks otherwise. As I pointed out in my response paper about the article that she had written, where she had laid out the case for Sarah Palin being backed by influential members of the Republican Party, there is no conclusive point about Sarah Palin being an outsider. But there are enough indications to indicate that she has been favored by the Republican insiders who wanted someone to counter the charismatic appeal of Obama. While the point of this position paper is not to contest the claim of Sarah Palin being selected or not by a power group, nonetheless it throws light on the happenings of the Republican Party as they went into election mode. It is indeed a powerful choice as reflected in the approval ratings after her nomination. Her â€Å"Star Power† is sure bound to get the ticket some badly needed swing votes in the upcoming election. As we see in the next section, Sarah Palin has become what some commentators have been calling the â€Å"Attack Dog† of the Republican camp. Attack Dog In recent weeks, Sarah Palin has taken the attack to the Democratic camp. First, by portraying Obama as someone who is â€Å"palling around with terrorists† an apparent reference to his earlier friendships with Bill Ayers, a sixties left wing radical and then by proclaiming that Obama wants to turn America into a â€Å"socialist paradise†. These have left the Democrats seething with anger and the hard core among the Republican camp egging her on. Of course, this has led to resentment among moderate Republicans and as the title of this article says Palin is diving more than uniting the faithful. Pro-life and family matters Sarah Palin’s pro-life stance has drawn attention towards her own family and her daughter in particular who is single and pregnant. This has provided ammunition for the Democrats though there was enough damage control exercise done. This raised the question of how much of vetting the McCain camp did before zeroing on her. And this left many wondering whether the McCain camp had done their homework particularly after she was found to have used her position as Governor of Alaska to influence some decisions in her family’s favor. Economic Policies Even on the subject of the tax breaks or the other proposals to shore up the economy, Sarah Palin comes across as a shrill voice adding to the clamor on Capitol Hill. There is no fresh approach to the vexed question of how far and how much should the government intervene in bailing out Wall Street. My way politics Most pertinently, Sarah Palin is practicing what can be called the â€Å"My Way† politics. In the words of one critic, Celtic Diva (17), â€Å"Palin is transforming her base into a lynch mob†. What she is effectively saying is that her way is the only way and her supporters are the true supporters and the like. Though this may appeal to the radical right, there are nonetheless large swathes of Republican voters who would not be comfortable with this kind of rhetoric. And it is leaving an overall sense of polarization in the country. This makes for hardly good news for a country that is deeply divided in the aftermath of the presidential elections of 2000 and 2004. Liability for McCain? While the first sections of this paper examined how Palin became a star in the initial stages of the campaign, it is now apparent that unless she comes up with some new ideas, she would become a liability instead of the trump card that the McCain camp was hoping for. Conclusion As I mentioned in the title of the article, Sarah Palin has increasingly come to divide the electorate rather than unite them. As Basu states, â€Å"Palin should aim to Unify rather than polarize†. Her strident approach towards Obama’s proposed policies and the trenchant criticism that she reserves for her opponents are just indications of a personality that thrives on divisive politics. While this would have been tolerable in times gone by, what this country needs now, with all the economic crises and a war that has no end in sight, is a healing figure that can re-energize the country and make Americans look forward to their place in the world. As we head into the last days of the campaign, we can expect more of the rhetoric from Palin and an increasingly strident stance. It remains to be seen how the electorate would respond to this ticket as well as the Democratic ticket on Nov 4, 2008.

Paper on the Impact of Workplace Diversity in Team Dynamics Essay Example for Free

Paper on the Impact of Workplace Diversity in Team Dynamics Essay Every individual who is in the job force or in a school environment faces the inevitable fact that at some point they may have to work in a group or team composed of individuals that they may not like. This paper will try to shed some light on the subtle differences between a workgroup and a team and how it relates the team dynamics in the workplace. According to The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (2000), â€Å"A group is a social system involving regular interaction among members and a common group identity† (para. , this means that a group is composed of individuals who would maintain a constant communication with each other to create and share a common identity. The existence of the group identity is mostly only recognized by the group members of the particular group and not by the outsiders. The togetherness or the cohesion of the group tends to vary from one group to the next because it is not always clear if a group has enough communication or interaction to qualify as a group. To explain this further, The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (2000) explains that groups should not be seen a one distinct category, but instead a group should be perceived as a social system that has varying interactions that could range form the intense involvement and intense identity mostly associated in social structures like families and close friends. On the other hand, people who ride and see each other on a daily while riding a bus could not be considered as a group because there is no sense of involvement among the individuals. In addition, The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology (2000) also states the groups tends to vary on the amount of interactions that the individuals have among the group, the longevity or life span of the group, and the reasons of the individuals in joining or participating in the group. According to Bales (1950), a group is a very important sociological concept because it has a complex and very important part in the development of an individuals’ social life. Bales (1950), mentions that â€Å"a group is a key agent of social control over individuals, for it is the group that social pressures toward conformity can be most directly applies, especially when those who deviate risk their membership as a result. † A group can be perceived as a controlling agent in the way individual conform to society and how he or she reacts to certain stimuli because if he or she deviates form the groups norms, he of she risks losing their membership with that particular group. Furthermore, according to Bales (1950), groups are important because of the impact of the social consequences the individuals learn in a group. Many individuals learn the benefits and consequences of their actions and decisions that they make in life in a group and that most of the social activities that an individual may take occurs within the membership in a group. Other the other hand, the definition of a team is somewhat different from the definitions given to a group. According the Weiss (1998), a team would consist of a few individuals who possess complimentary skills and are equally commits to a common goal, a purpose, and share a common working method in which they hold themselves mutually accountable for their actions. Sears (1998), states that teams must have a set of necessary elements to be defined as such. The elements to be considered as a team includes: there should be no more that 20 individuals in a team; individuals must possess adequate levels of complementary skills; individuals must possess a common team purpose; possess specific goal or goals; and possess a clear approach in the team working progress. Sears (1998) goes on to mention that teams tend to be risky, disruptive, and elusive. Sears (1998) states that even though after the members are chosen and the schedules and duties are set, very little constructive work comes out of it and eventually nothing is accomplished and work progress fails to emerge. Sears (1998) mentions that teams are disruptive because most organizations prefer individual accountability over team accountability especially in regard to performance and the reward structures of the organization. Sears (1998), states that most of the components needed to accomplish a task is mostly performed by an individual and that very little teamwork is needed to accomplish most of the work. Sears (1998) also identifies teams as elusive because teams are spontaneous. Sears (1998), states the teams do not just immediately become a team just because it is called a team, it needs so much work, nurturing, and team building exercises and sometimes that does not even work to make the members of the teamwork cohesively. On the other hand, Weiss (1998) gives insight into why teams are relatively popular. First, projects that are assigned to teams are more likely to be accomplished than those assigned to a specific individual. Second, teams make practical and reasonable decisions as long as the team is given specific and measurable goals to measure the team performance, and the teams are given meaningful and timely feedback. Third, the rewards and punishment are more effective in swaying ndividual performance when it is given by a workgroup rather by a single supervisor or manager. Fourth, working in a team is preferred by many individual employees, especially by those who hate being bossed around. Fifth, teams can effectively handle inventory, scheduling, quality assurance and other duties that are typically reserved for members of the upper management. Last, teams often lower the cost of management because of the lower ratio of supervisors to employees which is 1 to 50 employees. According to Cornell University (2010), Workplace diversity is a people issue, focused on the differences and similarities that people bring to an organization. It is usually defined broadly to include dimensions beyond those specified legally in equal opportunity and affirmative action non-discrimination statutes. Diversity is often interpreted to include dimensions which influence the identities and perspectives that people bring, such as profession, education, parental status and geographic location† (Workplace Diversity, para). Workplace diversity could bring many benefits to an organization when it is nurtured and given the time to be understood. The organization’s competitiveness and ultimate success relies on its ability to realize the multitude of benefits that workplace diversity brings. According to Greenberg (2005), â€Å"when organization actively assess their handling of workplace diversity issues, develop and implement diversity plans, multiple benefits are reported such as increased adaptability† (Diversity in the Workplace, para). Greenberg (2005) continues to state that organizations that employ a very diverse workforce will be able to provide different solutions to problems that arise in service, in sourcing, and allocation of the resources faced by the company. This states that in employing individuals from different backgrounds, an organization could utilize the different talents, abilities, and experiences that these individuals may have to come up with a possible solution to a problem. Furthermore, Greenberg (2005) also states that if an organization that acquires a workplace that has collection of a very diverse skills and experiences (such a different languages, national and cultural customs), an organization could potentially provide a better service to customers in a global scale. It could also provide better communication in relaying varying viewpoints and ideas to meet the organizations business strategy and more importantly, the needs of the customers. Workplace diversity also provides benefits to team dynamics. The Ehow. om (1999-2010) websites states workplace diversity brings vibrancy to the workplace that increases the camaraderie and the humanitarian spirit in each employee. In addition, according to Ehow. com (1999-2010), â€Å"teams working on complex and expansive projects can draw on the varied experiences of fellow workers from diverse backgrounds, learn new languages, understand new markets and execute tasks efficiently† (para). Last, the Ehow. com (1999-2010) website also mentions that in achieving increased diversity comes an equal increase in perspective. Many individuals in an organization comes from different cultural groups, practice different religions, have different racial and national backgrounds that may give an insight into how to solve a particular problem that could potentially attract potential customers with that same background. Many advantages, disadvantages, and differences between a group and a team exist. One might think that the words group and team could be used in exchange for the other, but they cannot because of the words’ ultimate definition. The word group is defined by scholars as a social group that involves a regular interaction between its members who has a common group identity. On the other hand, the word team is defined as a group of people who possesses complimentary skills committed to a single purpose and a common goal. This paper also introduced the benefits that could be achieved by an organization that promotes workplace diversity. These benefits include the increases adaptability, wider range of service, and variety of viewpoints, better execution, higher production, and better return on investment.

Development of Eco-Friendly Rice Farming

Development of Eco-Friendly Rice Farming Globally, agriculture has been considered as one of the major sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) (Chauhan et al., 2006; IPCC, 2007). In terms of anthropogenic GHG emissions, agriculture accounted 14%, which contributes 47% CH4 and 84% N2O emissions (IPCC, 2007; US-EPA, 2006). Rice is staple food in many countries and also an important part of the diet for a large portion of the world’s human population (Maraseni et al., 2009; Smith et al., 2008). Furthermore, the world’s annual rice production must be increased from 518 million tons in 1990 to 760 million tons in 2020 (International Rice Research Institute, 1989) to feed the growing population. The yield potential of rice largely depends upon the proper management of fertilizer and irrigation water, but farmers are using them extensively for increasing yields which incur cost and also has adverse effect on global climate. The cultivation of paddy rice contributes toward the emissions of the most important greenhouse gase s (GHGs) responsible for global warming viz; CO2, CH4 and N2O (Jacobson, 2005; Allen et al., 2009; Bhattacharyya et al., 2009). Mitigation of GHG emission from farming systems is the current hot issue and extensive research works are going on throughout the world for developing eco-friendly as well as cost-effective technologies to mitigate the emission of methane and other GHG from rice fields (Zschornack et al., 2011; Harada et al., 2007). Different mechanisms for mitigating methane emissions have been proposed by the researchers including fertilizer use, proper water management and altering magnitude of organic amendment dominate to enhance yield potential of rice, as well as reduce CH4 fluxes (Jane et al., 2007; Liou et al., 2003). Incorporation of rice residue into the soil is safe eco-friendly practice and it gradually improves soil organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium contents (Prasad et al., 1999) but it leads to increase methane emission due to flooding during rice growing season (Summer et al., 2003; Pathak, and Wassmann, 2007). The mechanisms behind CH4 emission thought to be considered as creating anaerobic condition that favor more emission (IPCC, 2006; Hardy, 2003; Wang et al., 2000; Yao et al., 1999). On the other hand, draining the wetlands during the rice growing season for once or several times, known as intermittent drainage or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) significantly lower CH4 emissions (Smith Conen, 2004; Yan et al., 2003). Continuous flood irrigation emits higher CH4 than intermittent irrigation (Towprayoon et al., 2005, Nagroho et al., 1994; Minamikawa and N. Sakai, 2006.) which tends to turn down near zero emission during drainage period but increase immediately after re-flooding. A single drainage reduces emissions by ≈40% (Yan et al., 2005, 2009) and found from a study in Orissa is that methane emissions of 16, 19, 27 and 36kg ha-1 per season from alternately flooded, continuously flooded, alternately flooded with 2t straw and continuously flooded with 2t straw, fields respectively (Adhya et al., 2000). Although straw addition increased the methane emissions but when combined with alternate irrigations systems, ultimate emissions was less than continuous flooding. Studies reported that AWD serve as mitigation potential of GHG by 35% accompanied and reduced rice yield 7%. So, short period drainage during rice flowering stage considered as compromise of decreasing GHG emissions and also compensate the yield penalty (Towprayoon et al., 2005; Ma et al., 2011; Maraseni et al., 2007). Improved water management can decrease methane emissions by avoiding waterlogging and keeping the soil as dry as possible (Xu et al., 2003; Cai et al., 2003; Kang et al., 2002) and adjusting organic material addition time (e.g. incorporating organic residue in the dry period instead of flooded periods; Cai Xu, 2004; Xu et al., 2000;), composting the residues before incorporation (Wang Shangguan, 1996; Wassmann et al., 2000). Therefore, the relationship between organic amendment and intermittent drainage systems should be investigated in order to find the best compromise for CH4 emission without affecting the yield potential. Worldwide 80% of rice is grown in developing countries mostly by the smallholder farmers in low income groups (Hardy, 2003). Therefore, motivation of small holder’s famers from traditional rice cultivation towards organic farming will reduce the GHG emission. As the traditional practices applied higher fertilizer, pesticide, water and others input which tends to release more GHG to the atmosphere. While the organic farming solely relies on organic amendment, discards chemical fertilizer and same the time builds up the soil organic matter status. The farming practices would be low GHG farming and also climate neutral (Niggli et al., 2009). Mitigation options for GHG emissions as stated by Smith et al. (2007) and Bellarby et al. (2008) and claim that both farmers and policymakers will face challenges from the GHG-related changes needed in agriculture. The main factors restrict farmers for adapting climate smart rice farming includes little information broadcast about climate change and less activity by agricultural extension service; high cost of farm inputs, limited irrigation facilities, labour and income constraints and government negligence towards risk management against climate change, (Ozor et al., 2010). Therefore, identification of innovative model farmer groups and adoption of climate smart rice farming techniques need to be explored. Climate change adaptation is an expensive practices and the cost mostly revealed via the necessity of intensive labor use. Thereby farmers always faced problem due to unavailability and higher cost of farm labor. But farmer only needs time to learn about new techniques, once when they gain experience and become familiar to adapt the processes, labour requirement will be less. Another aspect, as the most of small holder rice farmers are pro-poor, that’s why insufficient money liquidity hinders farmers to have access for necessary technologies and resources need for facilitating climate change adaptation strategy (Mishra and Salokhe, 2011. Hence, farmer cannot adapt the low GHG mitigation practices if they don’t have sufficient family labor or sufficient fund to hire the labor (Ozor et al., 2010). Thereby, financial support from governance level is crucial to overcome barriers of the local farmers in the form of subsidy. Electronic information technology is used to collect, process and analyze multisource data for decision-making (Sonka, Bauer and Cherry, 1997). Different extension methodologies can be used for the dissemination of information on climate sound rice farming by diffusion of innovation (Oladele, 2013). Smart phone apps and web-based decision-support tools has developed for providing stakeholders with ready access to data-intensive research results necessary for on-farm management by farmers and strategic decision-making by policymakers (Kruger et al., 2011). As for example- mobile or online access of IRRI knowledge bank, Radio drama in Nigeria (World Bank, 2012), community radio such as Climate Radio in Ghana, Krishi Radio and television programs in Bangladesh (ELDIS, 2013), cyber village project in Mannila, Philippines etc are recently applied technologies to reach the climate sound and site specific nutrient management at farm level (Oladele, 2013). Developing climate smart farming practices necessitate decision support from society to adopt at farm level. This approach depends upon decision criteria based on water management (wet and dry system) and addition of organic amendments. Organic manure incorporation is easier but for water management, farmers have to control the level and number of irrigation in the rice field, which may make it difficulties to follows. Low GHG emissions practices also involved hidden cost that is difficult to articulate in monetary term. At the beginning, farmer has to overcome the unexpected losses through trials and error as the processes are more detailed and complicated. At the same time, knowledge and skill needed by farmers to invest capital and time with regards to achieve success. The irrigation system in a particular area is based on a community or a group decision, which means that an individual farmer, who applies a different irrigating pattern will affect working schedule of the community or the group (Arayaphong, 2012). Existing electronic decision support system should be improved including above mentioned climate smart technique to adopt successfully at farm level. Smallholder’s innovative model farmers groups should need to motivate and address them about climate smart rice farming with less input and higher income by building linkage among extension officers, research institutes and recently developed electronic information devices for successful implementation at grass root level. Although low GHG rice farming practices are indispensable to cope up global warming and also need proper implementation at the farmer level, but little research work has done focusing decision support system and integration of climate sound information into the electronic data base. Therefore, the proposed study will be carried out to fulfill the following objectives: 5. METHODOLOGY This section will be addressed the above mentioned questions step by steps. Experiment I: GHG mitigation potential of water management, when utilizing complex organic manures in rice farming As we already know that rice field contributes a significant amount of GHG especially CH4. The emissions strongly correlated with the depth of water table and also type of organic manure used as well as their timing of applications. In this experiment I will apply various types of organic manures such as compost, rice straw and green manure at different rates (6 ton/ha and 12 ton/ha). Rice straw and green manure will be chopped properly into small pieces before applying into the fields. After that the application of organic manures in the fields will be done at different times such as before rice transplanting, at tillering stage and at flowering stage. Lastly the comparison will be drawn between the continuously flooded and intermittently flooded fields in terms of GHGs flux from these experimental plots. Measurements of methane emission Methane flux from the rice field plots will be monitored whole crop cycle. Emitted CH4 will be sampled by using the manual closed chamber technique (Datta et al., 2009; Rolston, 1986). To make the system airtight Plexiglas chambers (50 cm _ 40 cm _ 100 cm) will fix on the aluminum channels, inserted 10 cm inside the soil with the channels filled with water. The air inside the chamber will be mixed by a battery operated fan to get a homogenous composition (Ghosh et al., 2003). Methane concentration will be measured by flame ionization detection (FID) gas chromatography (Ramakrishnan et al., 1995). From the experiment we will be able to know which water management and organic matter application approach will provide lowest GHG emission from the rice farming and suitable time for incorporation of organic complex will be found from this experimental set up. Experiment II: Investigation of GHG mitigations approaches in a series of farm types and evaluation of their mitigation potential The main ambition of this experiment is to generate data from different farming system and what are the driving forces for GHG mitigation potential that could be included in a decision support system. I will use the lowest GHG emission technique that will come up from the first experiment. The practices will be applied in a series of farm types to quantify and compare costs, benefits, expected profits and risks between the conventional and organic farming with intermittent drainage by using CBA basis and Monte Carlo simulation. According to Broadman, et al. (2006), a few steps are taken in a CBA; specifying alternatives or scenarios of the project, identifying key players (who will be affected by the project), collecting, and measuring costs and benefits. To begin with standings identification, a farmer is the main actor who is affected directly from rice production through a profit and production cost. The second actor is the environment because nature and ecological system are impa cted by toxicity and exploitation of resources from rice production. Lastly, a society is regarded as third actor because an impact on a farmer and the environment also affects the society. Comparative analysis among different farm types will be done in respect to cost and benefits in terms of water, labor and nutrient efficiency and impact on yield and productivity. Finally, the society will make decision to accept farming typology based on higher farmers profit and lower environment damage. A structured set of questionnaire will be sent to the local farmers mentioning the constraints facing during cultivating low GHG emission rice practices in their own farm. Experiment III: Improvement of electronic decision support systems including elements of water use efficiency, organic fertilizers and greenhouse gas emissions This experiment will focus on the exploring the driving factors of different system and potential of implementing GHG mitigation practices. This should also include aspects of farmer awareness and priorities as well as knowledge systems, leading towards the decision support tool aspects. The data base will generate from experiment II about nutrient use efficiency of organic manure, low green house gas mitigation potential, irrigation scheduling for intermittent drainage from different farm types will be incorporated in the existing electronic information systems. After that a series of test will be conducted for farmer awareness rising on environmental impacts of farming. There are few electronic information system has been developed by IRRI for transferring updated news to the small holder farmers. In Philippines, NMRiceMobile (Nutrient Manager for RiceMobile) has provided the rice growing farmers and also the extension workers with free guidelines for fertilizer application by using mobile phones which has been widely used by local farmers since 2011. Through text messages (SMS), they can receive information on the amount, right time and the kind of fertilizer should be applied to maximize production and income from their rice cultivation. Method demonstration, result demonstration and field day will be conducted at the farm to inspire the farmers in a community. Statistical analysis Collected will be analyzed to compare the mean difference by using DMRT as outlined by Gomez and Gomez, (1984). Analysis of variance will be performed using the Proc Mixed procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS Inst., 1999). 6. RISK AND ETHICS OF PROPOSED RESEARCH The main aspect of this study is to propagate the climate smart rice farming to the farmers. Glass house experiments will be carried out to know the best combination of organic matter use and water application along with timing of organic complex incorporation. Methane and nitrous oxide flux need to be measured carefully. After that transfer of this knowledge to the farm community and their acceptance will may be one of the constraint. As the farmers in a particular locality cultivate rice by following their own traditional system, so motivate them to the new techniques arise the questions of acceptance. Generally local communities decide the irrigation system in a particular place. Therefore, new irrigation practices like alternate wetting or drying or intermittent drainage might interrupt the normal irrigation scheduling. This may create new conflicts among local farmers. Intermittent irrigation is difficult to manage especially for a farmer, who is lack of water resource accessibility. These production processes requires more time and labour use than conventional system. Time and labour constrains can be overcome by proficient management. Water control is also a serious constraint because the process is complicated and detailed, which is not suitable for a farmer who has difficulty in water resource accessibility. Besides, a farmer needs to be trained and educated about new innovative method, which is also a constraint and cost for a farmer as well. Further interesting point is risk-preference of a local farmer. As mentioned in the introduction, an agricultural yield gain depends on an uncontrollable factor, which means that a farmer has to take responsibility of riskiness by him- or herself. Therefore, risk analysis is also an important factor in decision making. Although climate smart rice technique will generates economic and sustainable benefits to a farmer’s household, but an investment in the technology is higher than the normal system. Variations in labour cost and interest rate are the main constraint obstructing a farmer to change water harvesting pattern. Therefore, government or policy maker should facilitate the credit system for farmer’s motivation. Inclusion of climate sound rice farming tactic into the electronic decision support might be another barriers. Sometime there is knowledge gap between research station and farmers level, so if the farmer not aware about this practice, successful implementation would be impossible. The main outcome of this study is to develop climate smart rice farming strategy. Rice cultivation responsible for significant GHGs emissions to the atmosphere and contributes greatly for global warming. On the other hand, fertilizer causes higher production costs which in turn emit CH4 and N2O after applying to the fields. While the use of organic manure build the soil nutrient pool and also reduce the dependency on fertilizer purchase but also contribute to a extent CH4 and N2O emission. Their emission strongly correlated with water management. Therefore, sound water management technique will be found from this experimental study. Various studies has already been conducted on rice straw incorporation in continuous flooding system and methane emission flux but intermittent drainage practices during the rice growth stages largely ignored in these study. Mechanism for methane emission from the flooded condition due to decomposition of organic matter enhances methanogenesis process by creating anaerobic conditions. Therefore, intermittent drainage can stop these processes as aerobic condition will develop by draining the excess water from the field for while. The main actor in this study is the small holder farmers. Newly developed method will need societal acceptance to adopt at farm level. Therefore, cost benefit analysis will be done to encourage them which techniques will provide higher return by utilizing limited resources of fertilizers and water use. Finally this newly innovative technique should be integrated in the existing electronic decision support system including the information of nutrient use efficiency of organic manure and low green house gas emission practices. This information base will help to disseminate the climate sound rice farming practices to the end users. Rice farmers must upgrade and well equip themselves with the scientific principles of rice paddy ecosystems management by applying sound rice cultivation techniques.

george wells beadle :: essays research papers

George Wells Beadle was born at Wahoo, Nebraska, U.S.A., October 22, 1903, the son of Chauncey Elmer Beadle, a farmer, and his wife Hattie Albro. George was educated at the Wahoo High School and might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers at school had not directed his mind towards science and persuaded him to go to the College of Agriculture at Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1926 he took his B.Sc. degree at the University of Nebraska and subsequently worked for a year with Professor F.D. Keim, who was studying hybrid wheat. In 1927 he took his M.Sc. degree, and Professor Keim secured for him a post as Teaching Assistant at Cornell University, where he worked, until 1931, with Professors R.A. Emerson and L.W. Sharp on Mendelian asynopsis in Zea mays. For this work he obtained, in 1931, his Ph.D. degree. In 1931 he was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period h e continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Professors Th. Dobzhansky, S. Emerson, and A.H. Sturtevant, work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In 1935 Beadle visited Paris for six months to work with Professor Boris Ephrussi at the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique. Together they began the study of the development of eye pigment in Drosophila which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the fungus Neurospora for which Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum were together awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. In 1936 Beadle left the California Institute of Technology to become Assistant Professor of Genetics at Harvard University. A year later he was appointed Professor of Biology (Genetics) at Stanford University and there he remained for nine years, working for most of this period in collaboration with Tatum. In 1946 he returned to the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology. Here he remained until January 1961 when he was elected Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, in the autumn of the same year, President of this University. During his career, Beadle has received many honours. These include the Hon. D.Sc. of the following Universities: Yale (1947), Nebraska (1949), Northwestern University (1952), Rutgers University (1954), Kenyon College (1955), Wesleyan University (1956), Birmingham University and Oxford University, England (1959), Pomona College (1961), and Lake Forest College (1962).

Auschwitz Essay -- essays research papers fc

Auschwitz: A Historical Overview of the Death Camp The Holocaust is one of the most horrifying crimes against humanity. "Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population. He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme." (Bauer, 58) One of his main methods of exterminating these ‘undesirables' was through the use of concentration and death camps. In January of 1941, Adolf Hitler and his top officials decided to make their 'final solution' a reality. Their goal was to eliminate the Jews and the ‘unpure' from the entire population. Auschwitz was the largest concentration camp that carried out Hitler's ‘final solution' in greater numbers than any other. The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. Hitler established the camps when he came into power for the purpose of isolating, punishing, torturing, and killing anyone suspected of opposition against his regime. In the early years of Hitler's reign, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. These people in protective custody included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. By the end of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first, the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitler's personal security force) was ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps. (Feig, 20) These camps were set up for many different purposes: Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for the mass destruction of the Jews. (Feig, 21) However, there was never a clear idea from camp to camp as to the true purpose. Was it to extract labor or merely to kill? We do know that Auschwitz was designed for those three reasons stated. Its ultimate goal though was to exterminate as many people possible in the shortest amount of time. The first death camp, Chelmno, was set up in Poland on December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the Wannsee Conference at which time the 'final solution' was planned out. (Feig, 23) Usually, the death camps were part of exi... ... Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society on Trial. New York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978. Ellis, Marc. Ending Auschwitz. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994. Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1979. Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1981. G Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust - A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1985. Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget the Jews of the Holocaust. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Nyiszli, Dr. Miklos Auschwitz: An Eyewitness Account of Mengle's Infamous Death Camp. New York: Seaver Books, 1960. Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981. Schwartz, Aaron F. Hitler's Final Solution. London: Oxford Printing, 1972. Sofosky, Wolfgang. The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Auschwitz Essay -- essays research papers fc Auschwitz: A Historical Overview of the Death Camp The Holocaust is one of the most horrifying crimes against humanity. "Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population. He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme." (Bauer, 58) One of his main methods of exterminating these ‘undesirables' was through the use of concentration and death camps. In January of 1941, Adolf Hitler and his top officials decided to make their 'final solution' a reality. Their goal was to eliminate the Jews and the ‘unpure' from the entire population. Auschwitz was the largest concentration camp that carried out Hitler's ‘final solution' in greater numbers than any other. The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. Hitler established the camps when he came into power for the purpose of isolating, punishing, torturing, and killing anyone suspected of opposition against his regime. In the early years of Hitler's reign, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. These people in protective custody included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. By the end of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first, the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitler's personal security force) was ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps. (Feig, 20) These camps were set up for many different purposes: Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for the mass destruction of the Jews. (Feig, 21) However, there was never a clear idea from camp to camp as to the true purpose. Was it to extract labor or merely to kill? We do know that Auschwitz was designed for those three reasons stated. Its ultimate goal though was to exterminate as many people possible in the shortest amount of time. The first death camp, Chelmno, was set up in Poland on December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the Wannsee Conference at which time the 'final solution' was planned out. (Feig, 23) Usually, the death camps were part of exi... ... Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society on Trial. New York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978. Ellis, Marc. Ending Auschwitz. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994. Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1979. Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1981. G Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust - A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, 1985. Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget the Jews of the Holocaust. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Nyiszli, Dr. Miklos Auschwitz: An Eyewitness Account of Mengle's Infamous Death Camp. New York: Seaver Books, 1960. Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981. Schwartz, Aaron F. Hitler's Final Solution. London: Oxford Printing, 1972. Sofosky, Wolfgang. The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

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In the article "Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name," James Lincoln Collier explains that anxiety is a very common part of our life in our society and that to defeat anxiety is to confront it and face it as we grow and learn from it instead of backing away. Collier uses several of his personal experiences and explains how each helped him to overcome his anxiety. With each obstacle that he faced, he developed three basic rules for himself. Collier had a chance to go on a trip to Argentina with his roommate, Ted. Being away for two months sounds exciting but he is having a second thought, and he end up turning down the invitation. It scared him of being in a new, strange country. He regreted by not going through the Argentina trip, and it taught him a lesson. This lesson made him developed his first rule: "do what makes you anxious, don't do what makes you depressed." He also found out that the person he admired, Duke Ellington, still has stage fright, eventhough he has been performing for more than thirty years, and by knowing that, Ellington inspired Collier. After doing a couple of interviews, he noticed that he is not that scared anymore. He had benefited and discovered from the process of phychologist call "extinction." Which he had came up with his second rule: "you'll never eliminate anxiety by avoiding the things that caused it." Collier had put out his anxiety by confronting it; in addition, Collier developed his third rule: "you can't learn if you don't try." To illustrate his third rule, some years ago he had an offer to do a writing assignment that will require him to three

Plato’s Theory of Forms Essay

Explain and define Plato’s theory of Forms with your personal Criticism. Plato was born in Athens on 428 BC. He was a Greek philosopher who laid foundations of western philosophy. He raised basic questions and problems of western thought, goodness and virtue, truth and knowledge, body and soul, ideal political state, and use of Literature and Arts were some of the pre dominant topics of interest to Plato. Plato devoted himself completely to philosophy. He was a student of Socrates. He was a great admirer of Socrates and he initially joined Socrates school of thought to learn philosophy. Later after the death of Socrates, he found an academy where geometry was most prominent in the curriculum along with mathematics and philosophy. He was also influenced from pre-Socratic thinkers like Heraclitus and Parmenides; who rejected physical world and said that inner is more important than believed apparent world. He was also influenced by mathematical concepts derived from Pythagoras. He learned dialectical method of following truth in order to derive a philosophy, ideas and opinions. According to Encyclopedia Britannica literally word Form means, â€Å"The external shape, appearance or configuration of an object in contradistinction to the matter of which it is composed. In Aristotelian Metaphysics, the active, determining principle of a thing as distinguished from matter, the potential principle. † (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) In Stanford Encyclopedia it is stated that, Plato’s term ‘eidos’ by which he identified the permanent reality that makes a thing what it is in contrast to the particulars that are finite and subject to change. The Platonic concept of form was itself derived from the Pythagorean theory that intelligible structures and not material elements, gave objects their distinctive characters. Theory of Forms states about what is real and what is not. The real is thought to be perfect whereas things which are not real are changing. Plato advocates that the world of forms is different from world of appearances. World of Forms can only be understood by philosophers and those who seek the truth. The dialogues in this theory portray knowledge as the process of leaving dark caves for going into sunlight. People who live in dark caves find their reality in shadows. These shadows are actually the symbol of the apparent world and it is just a shadow of what is real. Plato says that this world is not real; it is only the ‘world of forms’ which is real and never changes. It can be explained by many examples; for example we all try to seek knowledge but in reality what we learn is an opinion only. Likewise one thing is beautiful for someone but it can be ugly for someone else. People who have an urge to know and understand the true knowledge in the world can only touch the ‘intelligible world’. This world of objects is not independent because it depends on another real world of ‘pure forms or ideas’. Objects in this world have got their qualities from the ideal world. An object is beautiful because it takes that beauty from the ‘higher realm’. This concept of ideal Forms and forms of the world can be explained by geometry. Any square or triangle that we draw or construct is imperfect because it is ‘merely approximate the ideal triangle’. This ideal triangle has no connection with senses or reason because it is not concrete but a concept or an idea in the real world. Plato says that, the world of forms can be characterized as ‘changeless’ , ‘eternal’ and ‘real’ whereas physical world undergoes many changes and decay. The criticism on Plato’s theory of forms is that, he could not be able to draw a logical connection between ‘the realm of forms’ and ‘physical world’. According to Aristotle, this theory does not explain that how permanence and order can be attained in this world and how we can have objective knowledge of this physical world. Plato separated two worlds so distinctly that it failed to explain a former two points. The objectivity and permanence of real world does not explain this physical world hence establishes no strong connection between the two worlds. In my opinion Plato puts an argument that intellectual truth is truer than physical truth. This universe is created by God who is pure and the ultimate reality. He has no physical being but he has created a physical universe. This physical world is a copy of the real universe which only exists in the mind of creator. Similarly all horses are copies of one horse which exists at some higher land of truth. Likewise all beds are only copies of an ideal bed which lies in heaven probably. These examples are given by Plato to prove that world of forms is different from world of reality. It concludes that forms are relative and they are mere imitation of the real. The basic function of theory of forms is unification. It serves to unify ‘groups of objects or concepts’ by connecting them to a pure essence of the real world.

Speech Fast Food

McDunn Persuasive speech outline Eating Fast Food Introduction Relevance: You all have probably experienced fast food sometime throughout your life. Credibility: The first thing that comes to mind when mentioning fast food is greasy, oily, unhealthy garb, yet most of us consume junk food on a daily basis anyway. There are over 300,000 different fast food restaurants in the US. People frequent them because of convenience (quick and usually cheap). In such a fast-paced society, people are eating more fast food than ever before (Stefanov, Sebastien).Purpose: To persuade people not to eat fast food. Preview: I am now going to inform you about what fast food is, what a typical meal contains, why fast food is unhealthy. Body I. A. What is fast food? 1. Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive (Fast Food Facts). a. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. The term â€Å"fast food† refers to precooked foods such as fries or pizza that typically must be used within a few hours, or they become dried out and unpalatable (Ali, Sam). b.Fast food places like McDonalds, Burger King, Jack-in-the-box, Wendy’s, Whataburger, etc. , are all considered fast food restaurants. II. A. A typical meal and some facts 1. According to the â€Å"Nutritional Facts† that are posted on McDonald's web site, one Big Mac contains 540 calories and 29 grams of fat, which is 45 percent of the national recommended daily value based on a 2,000-calorie diet, according to McDonald's. One large order of fries contains 500 calories and 25 grams of fat, which is 38 percent of the recommended daily value. The 32-ounce Coca-Cola Classic adds another 310 calories (Ali, Sam). . Harvested potatoes contain about 80 percent water. What makes them into fries is when most of this water is removed and replaced with fat. Americans, on average, eat 30 pounds of these fat-enriched potatoes per year (Ali, Sam). b. The new KFC D ouble Down sandwich, which debuted in April, features two fried chicken filets in place of bread, two pieces of bacon, two melted slices of Monterey Jack and pepper jack cheese and Colonel's Sauce. The Double Down contains 540 calories and 32 grams of fat. It also has 1,380 milligrams of sodium (1,430 milligrams grilled).That's approaching the American Heart Association's recommended daily limit for adults of 1,500 milligrams of sodium (Ali, Sam). 2. Facts about fast food a. Did you know that most Americans eat three burgers a week and that 81% of Americans consume junk food while driving? It comes as no surprise, since people spend more time on the road nowadays (Stefanov, Sebastien). b. Each day, 1 in 4 Americans visits a fast food restaurant (Fast food facts). c. McDonald's feeds more than 46 million people a day – more than the entire population of Spain (Fast food facts).Transition Sentence: Fast food is very dangerous towards your health and can lead to many harmful eff ects. III. A. Why fast food is unhealthy 1. However, while these products might look appealing and tasty, they contain a wealth of hidden heath hazards which are not only dangerous if eaten in large quantities but are a major cause of obesity, especially in children (White, Janice). a. You are doing the following things to your body by consuming fast food (White, Janice): †¢ Raising your blood pressure Increasing the levels of bad (LDL) cholesterol †¢ Delaying your metabolic rate (the rate at which you digest, process and eliminate food) †¢ Weakening your immune system †¢ Destabilizing your blood sugar levels †¢ Reducing the ability of your colon to function properly b. The effects of fast food include nutritional deficiencies, obesity, increased cholesterol levels, cardiac problems and many other threatening heath hazards (Manohar, Uttara). c. Eating fast foods can also lead to an unhealthy lifestyle. d.Eating fast food and leading a sedentary lifestyle lea ds to obesity. Obesity leads to other complications like increase in the cholesterol level, blocking of the arteries, the increased risk of coronary diseases, in addition to the general physical discomfort posed by the extra weight. Fast food is also addictive and hence it is very difficult to give up on their greasy and fatty foods and carbonated drinks and switch to healthier options (Manohar, Uttara). Transition sentence: Fast food can cause many concerns to your body and lead to a unhealthy life.Summary: Overall, fast food can damage your health and shorten your life. Eating fast food can lead to clogged arteries, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and many other health concerns you could not even think of. Concluding Device: If you are on the road, and want to stop to get a bite to eat, try to protect your health and not eat fast food. Works Cited Sam Ali – Apr, and 2010. â€Å"What Is Fast Food? – DiversityInc. com. † DiversityInc – Cultural Dive rsity – Diversity Management – Workplace Diversity – Workforce Diversity. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. â€Å"Fast Food Facts. † Center for Young Women's Health. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. . â€Å"Fast food facts from the Super Size Me Web site . † The VivaVegie Society, Inc. . N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. Manohar, Uttara. â€Å"Fast Food Facts: Effects of Fast Food. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. . Stefanov, Sebastien. â€Å"fast food calories – AskMen. † AskMen – Men's Online Magazine. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. . White, Janice. â€Å"Why Fast Food is Bad for You. † HubPages. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .

Samsung Electronics Strategic Analysis

The strategy of Samsung Samsung’s strtegy has many admirable things to learn . One of the point to make the success of Samsung is its managers interested in long-term growth rather than short-term profit. .Strategic thinking of the Samsung Group is focused on developing target market and making a huge bet on them. That ‘s the reason we don’t mention the short-term stratgy of Samsung bacause it isn’t the main point of Samsung;strategy and we can learn just a little thing from it. Come back to the long-term strategy of Samsung, we can devide it to 2 periods.Before the lawsuit with Apple Unlike other Android phone makers, Samsung chose a very different way which is competing head-to-head with Apple in the high-end smartphone segment, by creating products that have a similar design to the iPhone but do not forget to â€Å"put effort† for the low-range smartphone in order to control market share and create great motivation for the Galaxy’s brand na me. While its competitors like Apple concentrated on creating new innovative products, Samsung waited their competitors test the market and then they determine the most suitable time to break into.It created the similar smartphones with those of other companies but better, faster and cheaper. When taking part in , Samsung will dominate the market with a series of models with various improvements that competitors can not keep up . This strategy has an interesting name in Vietnam :â€Å"di t? t, don d? u†. With this strategy, Samsung has many advantages when it has known the strengths or the wickness points to make the success and failure of its competitors.So it can decrese the risk when taking part in the market. After the lawsuit with Apple After having created a buzz in the market, Samsung started to follow their own direction that the Galaxy S III is the most typical example. No one can complain about the copyrihts when they compared the Galaxy S III to the iPhone 4S or iP hone 5. With products like the Galaxy S III or Galaxy Note, no one dared to say that Samsung copies competitors, they just rely on its opponents to make innovative products.

Great Depression vs Great Recession

The United States of America has gone through many different economic ups and downs, two of the most horrific downturns would be the current recession and The Great Depression though out 1929 to 1939. The cause of these two economic events cannot be blamed on one single person or a group, but on the United States as a whole who neglected to perform their economic duties. While these two deflationary periods in our economy have several differences, they have many similarities as well, such the difficulty in receiving money from bank banks but they differ in that the Great Depression was much more difficult to go through.These two economic hardships have very similar beginnings. In the 1920’s it was known as installments, today it is known as the credit. Both are the same concept, and then you pay back the original price along with a certain amount of interest. It is a great concept since the companies are earning money on the interest but when too much credit is given out it ca n adversely affect the economy. During the Great Depression everyone began buying stocks with money that was loaned out by banks.While the Great Recession the banks were lending too much money for mortgages. Eventually when the stock market and housing markets crashed, the banks didn’t have any money because all of it was given out on loans. What differs though between these economic time periods, would be that the Great Depression was significantly harder to live during. The Recession only lasted for 2 years while the Depression was throughout the entire 1930s. Also during this time, the center states were dealing with a severe drought.Unemployment rate was also much higher at 25% compared to the 8% to 9% now. Social security, medicare, variety of public assistance programs like unemployment payments and food stamps were largely non-existent in the 1930s. These two time periods of economic downfall were horrible times for people. While these two periods in our economy have s everal differences and many similarities as well, such the difficulty in receiving money from bank banks but they differ in that the Great Depression was much more difficult to go through.